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A bibliography is one of the most important elements of any academic writing, such as a research paper, dissertation, or thesis. It is a collection of all the sources that are referred while researching information on the topic. In a layman’s language bibliography is a list of sources that are used by the students, to inform their work on a given/ chosen topic. It is also referred to as “works cited”. A bibliography consists of various components such as author’s name, the title of the source, publication information, and date.
Any bibliography has to have above-mentioned components. If one explores further, one would come across the types of bibliographies that exist. They are as follows:

1. Reference Bibliography
2. Historical Bibliography
3. Physical Bibliography

The reference bibliography is further divided into:

• Enumerated Bibliography- In this type of bibliography you have to list the basic information about the source. For example, you need to mention author’s name, date, and title of the source, place of publication, and page numbers depending on the format of the bibliography.

• Annotated Bibliography- This type of bibliography includes the basic information about the source and also has an abstract, description or the summary of the source. For example, if you cite a source from a book, then you need to mention an abstract about the book. You have to write what the author talks about in that book, what are the main arguments and his conclusion. The description should not be more than a paragraph. The format of the bibliography would be dependent on the format prescribed by your professor.

Physical Bibliography is subdivided into:

• Analytical Bibliography- It examines the material aspects of a textual artifact such as types, paper, format, ink, and so on. The analysis is done in order to recreate the conditions of its production.
• Descriptive Bibliography- In this type of bibliography you have to provide sufficient data so that the reader is able to identify the described book, and recognize the precise content. As the name suggests, there has to be some description provided in the referred source.

Here is a question that most students ask, “What is the importance of bibliography in a research paper?” There are some reasons as to why a bibliography must be included in any academic writing such as a research paper or dissertation. The reasons are as follows:

1. To validate your study
Any research work needs validation by the evaluators and the readers. Having a bibliography shows the reader, the extent of research that you did for your paper. While researching on a topic, you come across a number of sources, so you need to list only those sources that you will be using in your work. By showing the list of sources in the bibliography, you provide credence and creditability to your work. Most students refer to sources that are not authentic or which have outdated information. Hence, you are advised to use only that information which is taken from credible sources. For example, you can take the information available at government websites, documents, reports, etc.
 
2. To authenticate your research
There are a number of specialists and writers who constantly contribute to their respective fields of study. So when you conduct a research, there are some sources which must be referred. Those sources are considered to be the most important contributions in that area. By referring such sources, you assure the reader that you know the basic information about your research topic. This would also indicate that your research is original and unique. With the availability of information, there are many students who would write in the same area, what segregates a good work from a low quality work, is their research. This is known by seeing the bibliography of the paper.
 
3. Acts as a source tracker
A bibliography helps you, to keep a track of all the resources that were referred for the research. There are times when the evaluator would want to cross verify your fact, so he/ she can simply look at the bibliography and see the source of information to confirm. For example, if you read some information during the research work and you want to include that bit of information in your paper. What do you do? If you do not have a bibliography you will have to go through the whole searching process, which would waste a lot of time and energy. But if you have a bibliography, you can simply refer it and get your information in no time. Having a bibliography makes it easier for you, to track your information. You get to build your own database for your topic in the form of a bibliography.
 
4. Elevates the value of your paper
A bibliography reveals the hard work and dedication shown by a student to write a research paper or a dissertation. The longer the list of sources, longer is the time devoted to research. For example, if students present their research work without a bibliography, what happens then? The evaluator or the reader is unable to check the authenticity of the work and credibility of information that has been included. This can bring down the scores and the number of readers who read the essay. But, if you have a list of bibliography, the readers can cross verify their facts by referring to your list.
 
5. To spread the knowledge
Bibliography influences the content of the paper. The types of sources give a direction to the content of a paper. So, if a reader shows interest in your paper, then he/ she would want to know the sources that were referred. This way a bibliography helps in the spread of knowledge.
 
6. To give credit to others work
Plagiarism is a looked down method in the field of writing. Students are instructed to not simply copy paste information, rather write in their own words. Citing a piece of information from a book or an article and giving recognition to that source, in your bibliography is the right way to use the work of other authors. A bibliography gives recognition to the work done by others and it increases the value of your paper.

Referencing is a vital part of academic writing. It allows the writer to give recognition, to the work of others used in his/ her paper. By referencing, you can avoid being caught for plagiarism. Students like you must properly cite others work so that the readers are able to locate the materials used. Referencing shows, the reader how your argument relates to the big picture. So, whenever you use a fact, idea, or a theory from other sources, you must put them in the reference section.
Students tend to interchangeably use the terms “citations” and “references”, which is wrong. The term citation is one of the elements involved in referencing. You use citation at the end of the body of your paper. Referencing, on the other hand, is done at the end of the paper. A reference list consists of the list, of all sources that were used in the assignment. They are arranged in an alphabetical order and each source is entered in detail. For example-
“American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author.”
The above example consists of the name of the source, year, the title of the source, name, and place of publication.
There are various formats and rules that you have to follow while referencing. There are different styles of referencing namely, the APA style, the MLA style, or the Chicago style. You must know which style you will be using before you start preparing your reference list. Most students have a hard time in drafting their reference list. The reasons are as follows:
 
1. Unclear about various citing styles
As mentioned earlier there are various styles of referencing that students’ use. In the rush to complete their paper, they do not learn how to cite a source. This, in turn, gives them a tough time while citing. Since there is a different format for each source, students have to be careful while making the reference list. The problem of unclear citing concepts, make the referencing task appear complicated. Thus the students must devote sufficient time, to make a reference list as it requires format accuracy. Any kind of format error would bring down the scores of your paper. This is the major problem that the students face while referencing.
 
2. Poor time management
Being a student is tough. With an over demanding academic schedule and extracurricular activities leave less or no time for the students, to spend on their research work. This results in hurried paper writing. Most students do not plan their paper writing task and struggle on the last day. They wait until the last minute to start their work, which leaves them with no extra time to spend on the sections like references or appendices. You must start working on your paper as soon as you get the assignment. Since it is a research study, it will not happen in a day. Rather, it takes months of research to write a high-quality academic research paper, consisting of a proper reference section without any error. By devoting time to each section of the paper will give you sufficient time, to make the last minute corrections. Hence, do not start your work a day before the submission day.
 
3. Lack of patience and accuracy
In order to conduct any research work, it requires a great amount of patience, which seem to lack in students today. These days’ students find out an easy way to complete their work fast and submit on time. But while writing a research paper or a dissertation, you cannot rush through the whole process. You must have the patience to conduct a detailed research, in order to write quality content. Most students are patient while writing the main content of the paper, but once the main writing is done they get impatient. The sections after the body are done hastily, which results in the lack of accuracy in work. You must be patient while writing the other sections of a research paper as they are equally important as the main content.
 
4. Pressure to produce a high-quality paper
In order to score well, students have a constant pressure to write an excellent paper. This results in spending too much time on the content and less time on the other sections of the paper. Students meticulously work on enhancing the quality of their content and ignore the other parts, which brings their scores down. You need to understand, that in order to write a quality paper you cannot overlook the other sections. When an evaluator examines your paper, he/she looks through the whole paper and not just the content. So, it is important to equally divide the time for content writing and other sections of the paper.
 
5. Seeking to unsuitable sources for help
When the students do not understand the concept of citing, they approach their peers instead of their professors. The loophole here is that every student will have a different understanding, which can confuse the student even more. In order to save yourself from that scenario, it is wise to consult the teacher for his/ her guidance. By asking the teacher you will know what exactly needs to be done.
 
6. Lack of proper training
This is another main reason for students finding the referencing part challenging. As soon as the teacher gives out the assignment he/ she, must instruct the students about the referencing style which is to be used in the paper. There are times when the teachers do not train their students, on this particular topic and the students are left confused and clueless. Thus it is essential on the teacher’s part, to hold a training session on how to cite sources in a paper, in order to clear all the doubts of the students.
Above mentioned are just a few of the challenges that the students face while making a reference list. In order to overcome such hurdles, one must take the help of their professors to have a smooth writing experience with the references.   

“Tourism is the biggest industry in the world.” -Martin Parr
Tourism is a business that provides service for transport, stay, entertainment, etc. According to Thomas Fuller, “The fool wanders, a wise man travels.” Thus tourism is beyond traveling, it is a way of self-discovery and discovering the unknown. It is a journey in itself. When tourism is studied as a field of study, one needs to dive deep into the subject matter to get to know the aspects and other elements that make up this subject. Students of tourism delve deep into this theme to understand each element. A tourism essay focuses on an array of topics which include accounting, hotel and business management, ecotourism, and so on. In order to write a high-quality essay, you need to include updated tourism information. Do you have to write a tourism essay? Are you looking for an easy format? If the answer is yes, then simply follow the steps below:

Search information on your topic
As soon as you get a tourism assignment, do not start writing straight away. Once you get your topic, you must conduct a brief research on the topic. If the topic is new to you, you must read it, in order to start planning for your essay. By getting to know your topic in detail helps you frame a better essay. Thus before drafting your essay, search information on the given or chosen topic. You can also approach your professors or teachers, to get a clear idea about the topic. This way, you would get to know what they are looking out for in your essay, and what are the elements that you need to focus on. Most students in the excitement to finish the work soon, start writing on the topic. This leads to the construction of a content that lacks clarity, as the student does not know what to focus on. In order to avoid such a situation, know your topic and then start writing your essay.

Prewriting your essay
It simply means to make an outline of your essay and write all the information that you want to include. Since it is a rough work, you can include all your information and then do the sorting according to various themes. Students, who do not plan their work, end up writing a content that lacks continuity and flow. Since they do not have an outline of the structure, they tend to edit and re-edit the work before even completing it. This leads to confusion and writing a content that is disorganized. If you want to avoid this scenario, you must first plan and then start writing your essay. Prewriting is writing a mock essay before finalizing it. This way you can add the points if needed and segregation of information helps you to have a clear idea about your essay.
 
The format of your tourism essay
Every essay follows a format; likewise, tourism essay too has an essay format. The format is as follows:
1. Introduction
Once you are through with the above two steps, you can start your drafting process. An introduction is the first section that the readers read, thus you must ensure that it is interesting and eye-catching. You must introduce your topic briefly in this part of your essay. Most students include the details in this section which is wrong. Since it is an introduction you cannot describe your topic in detail here. Rather, you need to mention your central idea, in a nutshell, to give a rough design to the reader about the context of your essay. You can include famous quotes, phrases, and statements to increase the impact of your introduction on the audience.
 
2.  Main body
As the heading says, this part consists of details about your essay topic. You need to talk about the topic and your argument extensively. Being a tourism essay, you will have to use facts, figures, and statistics to increase the value of your content. By seeing this, the readers would validate your information. You need to explain the concept that you have taken or the theory that you have used in the essay. You can further explain your point by citing examples from the credible sources. Do not make sweeping statements that would put you in trouble. You can have two to three paragraphs to explain your points with examples.
 
3.  Conclusion
Under this heading, the students are supposed, to sum up, their arguments. In order to do so, you can first review your essay, and take down the main points to include it in your conclusion. You must summarize your essay, in a nutshell, thus providing a flashback of information that the reader reads earlier. It is a way of reassuring the audience that the following point has been proven or studied well. You cannot introduce a new topic or an idea as this part is not meant for that. Since this is the last section of your essay avoid using new terms, concepts, theories, and so on. You can suggest ideas for various issues that you might have addressed in your essay. You can also mention other problems that were found during the study, thus bringing out a transparent picture of the topic. In the end, you have to write a concluding sentence which must not start like “in the end”, “as a conclusion”, or “lastly”. Phrases like these send an impression about the writer as the one who does not have a good vocabulary. Thus avoid such phrases.
Academic writing can be taxing for students, as they are busy with an over demanding academic schedule. Taking out time to write an authentic essay can be difficult. If the students have an easy format to follow, they can start the work easily. So, if you want to write a tourism essay and you were looking for a format of it, follow the above steps. By going step by step you can complete your essay in less time, and free yourself from the writing stress.

​An analytical paper demands you to perform tasks such as collecting information, analyzing the collected data, presenting supporting examples, and contributing your personal ideas on the topic. To put it briefly, in an analytical paper students analyze, examine, and interpret the chosen variable. Students like you; while writing such a paper must make sure that the content is written in present tense. Further, you must be objective rather than using the first person. In such a paper you must avoid using contractions, for example, words like can’t, isn’t, don’t, etc. The key here is to understand, that analyzing information does not mean rephrasing and writing the same content. Instead, you need to bring out the essence of the data by focusing, on what the authors are trying to convey. Analyzing information involves, observing the writing patterns, themes, and contributing your personal opinion.  Do you have to write an analytical paper? Are you looking for a format? If your answer is yes, then simply follow the steps below to get a paper written easily.
 
Pre-writing a paper
Pre-writing is writing everything you want to write before you start the final drafting process. In order to start pre-writing follow some steps:

• Discover the objective of your paper- Once you get your assignment to write an analytical paper, you must understand the main objective of the assignment. Since you need to present your arguments and analyze them subsequently, you will have to understand the main aim of the study. In order to do so, you can conduct a brief research on your topic, to get a clear idea. You can also approach your professors, to understand the idea behind an assignment. Most students in order to complete the paper fast skip this step, and start writing their paper. This, in turn, affects the quality of content immensely. The students fail to understand the main essence of the topic and frame a paper that is not related. In order to avoid such a situation, understand your topic before you start writing.
•  Decide your focal points- Under this step, you need to decide the highlights of your paper. You must list down, your arguments and the type of method you will be using to write the paper. By making a clear demarcation of your arguments, you can search information accordingly.
• Perform a genuine research- The key to writing good content is to have credible information on hand. You must conduct an original research, to know your topic better. You can start by brainstorming ideas on how to go about with the research. Alongside, you must also think about the thesis statement. While searching your information, you need to view the topic from as many angles as possible. Find information from credible sources, but beware of fraudulent websites. Collect examples to support your study from sources like government websites, reports, documents, and so on.  The readers might cross-check the source of information in order to validate your work, thus include only those facts, figures, statistics that have been taken from authenticated websites/ books/ journals.
• Frame your thesis statement- Once you have completed your research, you can now frame your thesis statement which is also known as the central idea of your paper. The statement must not exceed more than two sentences. Make sure that the idea is concise and clear.

• Frame an outline of your paper- The outline for an analytical paper includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion.

 
The format to write an analytical paper
1. Introduction
You must first provide your readers brief background information, about your topic. This section will introduce your paper by not letting out the details. Make sure you do not use a first or second person in your paper. You must not use complicated sentences rather, keep it simple and concise. An introduction is the cover of your paper; if it is not attractive readers may skip your paper. In order to gather more audience make your introduction interesting by adding quotes, phrases, questions. Doing so would engage the readers, and convince them to read further.

2. Main body
This section has important elements that you must keep in mind while writing. Elements like clarity in content, an organization of sentences, and flow in content. If you have these in your content, you can score higher grades. In the main body, you need to first introduce your topic in detail. Second of all, you need to add evidence/ examples and analyze them. At last, you need to conclude your paragraph by writing sentences that would give way to the next paragraph. You must elaborate your thesis statement, in this section. You have to talk about your central idea, by using examples from credible sources. You can have more than three paragraphs, in the body section depending on the nature of the topic, and prescribed word limit that needs to be maintained.
 
3. Conclusion
This is the section that acts as a reminder, to your readers of how you have supported your argument in the paper. Sum up your entire paper briefly, and mention your opinion on the topic. You need not repeat the content that is there in the main body, instead rephrase and state your thesis statement. Avoid using words like in conclusion, or in the end.

4. Revise
Once you complete your writing, always revise your work. You might have some unseen grammatical errors, spelling errors, or technical errors. In order to rectify those, edit your paper. After the editing process, pass your paper through the plagiarism tests, to confirm the legitimacy of your work. Most students do not check their work for any kind of plagiarism, which gets detected during evaluation, which in turn, brings down their grades. In order to escape this situation, check your work. If you have used an idea or quote by some author, give recognition by properly citing them. Do not use someone else’s work as yours, as it is against the writing ethics.
By the end of this process, you can get the quality analytical paper without taking any stress.

According to the World Assembly of Public Relations Association of 1978, Public Relations is defined as:
“the art and social science of analyzing trends, predicting their consequences, counseling organizational leaders and implementing planned programs of action, which will serve both the organization and the public interests.”
According to the Public Relations Society of America in 2011 and 2012 defined Public Relations as:
“Public Relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics.”
If one looks into public relations as a subject, it focuses on the way companies, organizations, and individuals communicate with public and media. It is the idea of creating coverage for clients for free, rather than marketing or advertising. The aim of this subject is to “inform” the public, customers, investors, partners, employees, and others, to persuade to a positive view of an organization, a product, etc.
Students studying this subject have to delve deep into various aspects that affect, the relations of public, individuals and organizations. Do you have to write a public relations essay? If yes, then follow the steps below:

Preparation before writing

• Figure out your topic- As soon as you get to know your topic, do not start writing your essay. This is a very common mistake that most students commit. When your professor gives out your assignment, you must first understand it. Get to know the assignment, see if you have any doubts regarding it. You must make sure that you know about the topic enough, to write an essay on it. If you are unclear about the topic, you can either conduct a research or consult your professor. It is wise to read up a little on the topic so that you know what to focus on while writing your essay.
• List out your objectives- Once you have read about the topic, make a list of objectives that you want to have in your essay. Find out the reason for your study. To bring in more clarity ask yourself questions like, “Why do I want to write on this topic?” or “What is the essence of this topic?” By asking such questions you will be able to focus better while writing.
• Carry out a thorough research- A good content is one, which has been well researched and written. The key to quality content is by conducting an in-depth research on your topic. Most students rush through this process and end up writing an essay that lacks accuracy and value. Once you decide on your topic you must search information on it. The more the information, better is your perspective on the topic. You can get to know more angles by which you can view your topic and write on it. So, if you want to write content that is not only rich in content but also rich in factual information, then carry out an original research.
• Plan and pre-write your essay- Having all the information in hand you can now plan your essay. Make a rough outline of your essay, to know the arrangement of your content. You can include all your information and ideas, and arrange them accordingly. After you are through with the planning, you must pre-write your essay. Pre-writing is simply writing down all your information and ideas along with supporting examples roughly. This is an organized way to go about with the writing process of your essay.

 
The format of your essay
1. Introduction
This is a significant part of your essay. If you have a good introduction, it can get you, more number of readers. In order to write a flawless introduction, you must include quotations, questions, or anecdotes. This would attract more readers to your essay. You must start your introduction, by introducing the topic and the main points of your essay. The trick here is to not let out the details; rather skim through the head points of your essay. Most students make the mistake of talking about their topic and main arguments extensively, in this section. This results in repetition of content in the body too.  You must provide background information about your topic so that the readers know the context of your essay. Keep your introduction concise, and clear. Do not include unnecessary details.

2. Main body
In the main body section, you must describe your topic in detail. You must talk about your main arguments, and support your information with appropriate examples. In order to include apt examples related to your topic, you must refer to credible sources, while searching for information. Backing your information with updated facts would increase the value of your essay. The reader will know that the content is in line with the current times. You can have two or three paragraphs in the body section that elaborately explain your arguments. Also, ensure a smooth transition between the paragraphs. Your paragraphs must not end abruptly; rather the last sentence of one paragraph should make way for the next one.

3.  Conclusion
Having a strong conclusion is the best way to end your essay. In order to give a perfect ending to your essay, make sure your content has fluidity. Your conclusion must sum up your main points. It must have a summary of your main argument. You must not repeat the introduction or the body content, rather rephrase the sentences and mention it here. The essence of the sentences must not change. You can provide your opinion in this section. You can end your essay with a quote, question or a statement. This is your last chance to set an impression on your reader, do not waste it.
Above mentioned are some easy steps that students can try while writing a public relations essay. Once the students are done writing their essays, they must check their work for spelling errors, grammatical errors, and so on. With the purpose of confirming your work authenticity, you must pass your essay through various plagiarism tests. Wait no further as the steps mentioned above will help you write your essay efficiently.
 

In order to write a political science essay, you have to talk about your arguments, by presenting credible pieces of evidence. You cannot write a persuasive essay, trying to persuade the audience to agree with your viewpoint or idea. Rather, you must mention your evidence and use it to support your argument. You should not take sides; instead, you must evaluate both the sides of the coin, presenting a non-biased picture. A political science essay is different, from any other essay. There has to be a certain type of format which is to be followed while writing such an essay. Are you finding it hard to write a political science essay? If yes, then simply follow the steps given below:

1. Comprehend your topic
If you want to write a high-quality political science essay, you must first understand the topic. Without having a clear idea about the topic, you cannot write an analytical essay. As soon as you get your assignment topic, the first step is to understand it. If you are unable to comprehend, you can either search information or ask your professor. Once you acquaint yourself with the topic, the writing part will become very easy for you. Searching information too would be a cakewalk, as you would know what to search and how much to search for it. Most students in the excitement to finish the essay do not know their topic properly, and end up writing a content that is not related to the topic. This leads them to score fewer grades. If you want to avoid such a state, you must search for your topic; get to know it, so that you can start writing being fully informed.
To make this task simpler, you can ask yourself questions such as, “What are the questions asked in the assignment?”, “What is the main question that is to be answered?” Or “What kind of evidence should be included?” Such questions will help you know your topic better.

2. Map your essay
Before beginning your drafting process, you must make an outline of your essay. An outline is nothing, but a rough plan of your essay. You can include all your collected data and evidence there. By having all the information in one place, you can start arranging your data accordingly. Students, who go ahead with the drafting process without making a map, face confusion and lack of flow in the content while writing. In this stage you can include all your ideas that are coming to your mind, do not restrict yourself. Let your mind flow into the chain of thoughts. Once you are through with this, you can start arranging information in accordance with the structure of your essay.
 
3. Introduction
This is the introductory paragraph of your essay. Make sure you include sentences that are succinct and nuanced. You cannot talk about the details of your essay, in this section. You need to tell your motive for writing this essay, the central idea of your essay. You should also tell, as to why should someone read your essay? In this part, you need to claim your position. Most students focus on writing the main body and ignore the introduction and conclusion, which in turn affects their grades. You must understand that each step in an essay is equally important. You have to engage the reader to read your essay, and having an interesting start would certainly gather more attention from the audience. You can include quotes, phrases, and rhetorical questions in your introduction, to set a good impression on the reader. You must give the reader a reason to go ahead and read your entire essay. Think before you start framing your introduction, as the first impression is the last impression. It’s for you to decide, as to what kind of an impression you want to leave on your readers.
 
4. The main body
Under this section, you are supposed to talk about the topic elaborately. You can include as many paragraphs as possible, adhering to the word limit at the same. You can have subtopics under the body, as it would give the reader a comprehensible idea on the topic. While writing, you must ensure a smooth transition between the paragraphs. There must not be a break, in the flow of content. In order to attain a flow in the content, it is best to first plan your content.
The format of the body of your essay

• Small Introduction- You can start the paragraph by introducing the topic. It is your starting sentence; make sure you frame an interesting one. There must be a flow of the sentences.
• Evidence and analysis- Presentation of evidence and analysis must happen in the next part of the body. You cannot list all your evidence and then explain them; instead, you need to analyze them side by side. Make sure you are able to establish a link between your evidence and analysis.
• Summarizing- Conclude your paragraph under this section. You can end the body by using sentences that open up, a path for another paragraph. It should not be an abrupt ending.

  
5. Conclusion
Before writing your conclusion, you can review your essay to make sure that the thesis statement is included. You have to be careful about the evidence that is mentioned in your essay. They should be in line with the topic. You not only need to restate your thesis statement but you also need to put forth your opinion. In this part, you have to sum up your arguments and derive a conclusion. You should not add a new idea or a concept in this paragraph. Since it is the last thing that the readers will read, make sure you make it count. Let the last part set a good impression on the reader.

​Following above-mentioned steps would make a political science essay an easy task. You can sail through the whole process if you follow the steps.  What are you waiting for? Get to work and finish the writing in less time.   

The term “thesis” refers to a long essay or dissertation that involves, personal research written by a student at a university level. This term is mostly used for a bachelor’s or a master’s degree. The intricacy of a research thesis varies by country, university, and program. If one looks at the etymological meaning thesis, is derived from a Greek word “θέσις” which means “something put forth”. A thesis, consists of various parts and subparts to it. For example, a title page, abstract, introduction, and the list goes on. In order to write a thesis, students like you need to follow a format, where the content will have a separate format and so will the other components. Thus you must make sure that you know the paper quality, citation style, page layout, order of mechanism, and so on.
Students find the task of writing a thesis, a tedious one. Writing a thesis sure requires a lot of work, but the end product gives maximum happiness and satisfaction. Do you have to write a thesis too? If yes, then simply follow the steps below to structure your thesis properly. The structure of a thesis varies with the format style. This is a basic arrangement of a thesis. The steps are as follows:

1. Title Page
As the name suggests this is the first page of your thesis. There are some elements that you must add to a title page. They are:

• Subtitle
• Authors name
  
• Name of the institution
• Name of the department
• Date of submission
• Name of the Research guides
• Their institutions
• Their e-mail address.

You have to be mindful of the font type, font size, and the spacing. Refer the style in order to maintain the accuracy of your work.
 
2. Abstract
This is the second part of your thesis. An abstract includes the following:

• The reason as to why your paper is important.
• A brief summary of the main points in your paper.
• The abstract must simple, clear and readable.
• You must not include a citation for this section of the paper.
• You can use numbers where appropriate.

In order to help you frame your abstract, you can ask yourself questions such as, “why did I choose this topic?” or “how do I write the thesis?”
 
3. Table of Contents
Under this heading, you are supposed to list all headings and subheadings, with their page numbers. Make it a point to indent the subheadings.
 
4. List of Figures
If you have utilized any figures, then you must mention about them under this heading. Specify the page numbers and the short title of the figure.
 
5. List of Tables
If you have included tables in your thesis, then mention them under this heading. You can list the tables by putting their page numbers and names.
 
6. Introduction
This is a start point for your content writing. A trick to writing a good introduction is to write it at the last. Include the following while writing your introduction:

• Include a hook statement to catch the attention of your readers.
• You can include questions, quotes or statements to motivate the readers to read further.
• You must talk about why your research work is significant.
• Adding on to that, you must mention your main aim of writing the paper.
• Ensure to write about the background information about your topic, to give a basic idea to the reader.
• Mention briefly your research questions too.

 
7. Methods
In any research study, there is a method followed by all the students. Thus in this section, you need to talk about the method that you used while conducting your study. This part has to have :

• A detailed description of your method and theory.
  
• It must also have the calculations, techniques, types of equipment, calibration plots, and so on.
  
• You must also talk about the limitations and your assumptions for the study.

 
8. Results
This is part that reveals the success of your study. Include:

• The actual statements of observations.
• You must mention the positive and negative result of your study.
• You can use sub-headings to explain your results better.
• You must cover all your points.

 
9. Discussion
After the results section, you need to discuss the study in detail. You can:

• Start by summarizing the important results.
• You can answer the questions briefly.
• You must analyze the major patterns and observations in your thesis study.
• You must figure out the relationship and the trend in your thesis.
• You need to also talk about the implications of your study, in this segment.

 
10.  Conclusion
A conclusion is an equally important section, as the main content or the introduction. This is the part where you conclude your paper. You must:

• Restate your main arguments.
• Restate your thesis statement.
• Mention the implications of your research.
• Do not repeat the content from your abstract, body or discussion parts.

 
11.  Recommendations
Under this heading, you must suggest ideas or solutions, to the problems mentioned in your study. You must also talk about the gaps that you found, during your study and how can you fill those gaps. In order to come up with good recommendations, make it a point to make a note of everything as and when you are doing the experiment.
 
12.  Acknowledgments
You must acknowledge the people, who have helped you carry out this study. Writing a thesis involves a lot of hard work in collecting the sources and writing. There are a number of people who help us, directly or indirectly in our study. Thus in this section, you must mention their names, starting with the name of your professor.
 
13.  References
This is a very crucial section, as you need to list out all your sources that you referred while searching information. You have to follow a certain format to write references, it cannot be anything. The references have to be written according to the format of the citing style. Thus make sure you follow the format conscientiously.

14.  Appendices
If there is any information which is rare to find, and you used it for your study, then you can mention it here. It can be a government document or a report, etc. You can also include extended tables and figures that you would want the reader to know.
 
15.  Recheck your work
Once you are through with the drafting process, you must check your paper. Do not submit your paper without revising it. Most students submit their papers in a hurry and lose their grades for grammatical errors, spelling errors, or format related error. In order to avoid this circumstance, check your paper and pass the work through plagiarism detectors, to ensure the authenticity of your work.
 
Follow the steps mentioned above and get yourself a quality thesis.   

A dissertation is a detailed piece of writing that students have to do, in order to receive a degree at the university level. The whole aim of writing a dissertation is to bring to use, years of study and research conducted by students. A dissertation is very different, from an essay, thesis, or a research paper. There is a set format to write a dissertation. Are you stressed about writing a dissertation, because you do not know the steps to go about with it? If yes, then follow the steps below and get yourself a dissertation written in no time.
Before writing a dissertation students have to write a research proposal or a dissertation proposal. A dissertation proposal is primarily a proposal, for your research study. The pitch has to be unique and original. The proposal sets a stage, for your research and helps you conduct the study in an organized manner. The format of a dissertation proposal is as follows:

Dissertation Proposal

• Dissertation Title
• Objective- You must mention up to three objectives of your study.
• Literature- The sources that you have referred to conduct your study. It will include the school of thoughts, theories, concepts that have been used in the study.
• Research- This will include the outline of your area of research. Mention the area in which you have conducted your study.
• Methodology- Under this mention the type of method that you have used to do your study. For example, have you used the empirical method or non- empirical method? You have to also cite the method of collecting data.
• Potential outcomes- You have to talk about the expected outcomes of your study.
• List of references- For this, you need to consult your professor/ guide if you have to mention it or not?

 
The format of writing your dissertation
1. Introduction
This can be titled as your first chapter. An introduction will include the background of your problem and thesis. You have to talk about the reason, for writing this dissertation. The readers must know the point of the study. You must mention thesis statement and the purpose of your study. This section can go on for a couple of pages as you need to provide, a concise picture to the reader about the topic. You also need to talk about the assumptions in the study. Make sure that you do not repeat the information of introduction, in the main content part. Since this is the first section that is read by the audience, ensure to keep it simple and to the point. Do not include unnecessary details in the introduction. You can include quotes, statements, rhetorical questions, etc to make your introduction attention-grabbing.
 
2. Literature Review
It is the second chapter of your dissertation. Under this section, you are required to present, the list and description of the sources that have been referred for the study. You have to mention the author’s point of view, and the gaps that you found in the literature. The main aim of writing a literature review is to assess, the work done by other authors in the same field of study, and what are the loopholes that you are trying to cover in your study. You must arrange the sources thematically and talk about them separately. In this section, you also need to mention the relevance of a particular source to your study. The more number of sources in literature review section, the more validation you will get from your audience.
 
3. Methodology
Every research is done by following a method. This is the third chapter of your dissertation. You need to talk about the method that you have followed in order to conduct your study. “Have you used the qualitative or quantitative method?” Or “is your research work inductive or deductive in nature?” It is important to know what kind of method you are using, to conduct your study. The evaluation would vary with the type of methodology used. Most students conduct the study and are not aware of the method they have used; this way the study remains incomplete. Thus, before getting down to write the main content you must know, what method you are going to use and the way to go about with it.
 
4. Findings
This is the fourth chapter of your dissertation. You need to start off by giving an overview of this section. As the name suggests, you have to talk about the findings of your study. You have to elaborately mention your findings during the study. You need to work on the question such as, "whether you were able to justify your hypothesis?" You need to extensively talk about your findings of the study, as it shows how you have gone about with conducting the study. Make sure that you closely observe your work in order to point out the discovery.
 
5. Discussion
The discussion will be the fifth chapter of your research study. You must elaborate on the hypothesis of your study. Hypothesis primarily is your proposed explanation that you make, with the sources that you have in hand. This opens up a path for further investigation. You have to mention the hypothesis and the results of the application of a method.
 
6. Conclusion
This is the last chapter of your dissertation, wherein you have to summarize the entire thesis in a few pages. You need not repeat the whole content that has been written in the main content; rather mention the highlights of your content. You must time and again refer your literature review to enhance your content quality. In this section, you have to make suggestions that can help in future research in the same field of study. Further, you need to point out the limitations of your study. There might have been some problems and limitations that you faced during the study. So you need to mention those here. You can end your work with appealing sentences.
 
7. Appendices
This section can be included if you want. If there is any kind of raw information derived from the credible sources such as government reports, documents, etc, you need to mention them as they are.
 
8. Bibliography
This comprises of the list of primary and secondary sources that you referred during the study. Make sure that you include all your sources. 
By following above-mentioned steps you can easily write a high-quality dissertation.   

​A comparative analysis illustrates how two or more variables are similar and or different. A comparative study combines two or more variables for detailed analysis. When you compare two or more items, you tend to create an analogy between those items. The question that might arise here is, “what is the meaning of analogy?” An analogy primarily refers to a comparison that is done between one variable and another, for the purpose of explanation or clarification. In order to write a comparative paper, students have to consider those aspects while writing.
Do you think writing a comparative paper is a tedious assignment? If yes, then simply follow these easy steps below to do this task without any difficulty. The steps are as follows:

Warm up before writing

Before you start writing a comparative paper, you must do the warm-up, to successfully complete your paper. There are some basic steps that you must do before moving on to the drafting process.

• Analyze your question- Once you get your assignment take a moment to analyze the question. Get to know what the question is talking about. Try to understand, the essence of the question. Some students write a comparative paper that does not answer the question, as they do not comprehend the assignment before writing. To avoid this blunder you must first understand your question.
• Search about your topic- After the analysis, you must search information on your topic. Get to know your topic for a comparative study. Collect information, from credible sources and categorize it into two parts. Keep one section of information that focuses on the similarities, and the other that focuses on the differences.
• Evaluate your list- At this point you have all the information you need on your topic. You cannot include all the information, so decide your stance and evaluate your list accordingly. You must try to find a pattern or theme among the listed items for a better understanding.
• Find a base for comparison- You need to find a context for your comparison. What it means is that you need to find, a reason for your comparison. Depending on your assignment, try to identify the basis of your comparative study. You can explore on the questions like, “does the comparison have to do with a theme or characteristics?”
• Research on your theme of comparison- Now that you have a sorted list of your variables, you must now find information on each variable. In order to provide a clear understanding you must know each variable in detail. So, conduct a profound research.
• Make a blueprint of your paper​- At this step, you must organize your information to proceed with the drafting process. Having a rough plan helps you to write, in an organized manner. Since it is a comparative study, there might be a chance of getting lost in the information. To avoid this scenario, make a clear outline of your paper and then start writing. 

​Steps to writing a comparative paper
1. Introduction- As the name suggests this section, introduces your topic. There are various elements that you must include under this section of your paper. The elements are:

• A frame of reference- Here, you need to mention two or more variables that you plan to compare and contrast in your paper. You must mention the categories under which you have grouped them. Ensure that your idea or thought is specific, not ambiguous.
• Grounds for comparison- Under this heading, you need to mention the basis of your comparison. You need to reason out your choice, as to why did you choose a particular variable over others. By answering such questions, you would let your readers know that your choice is calculated and it carries some meaning.
• Thesis- A thesis is a gist of your main argument that, you try to discuss in your paper. A thesis explores the common grounds between two or more chosen variables. You need to establish a relationship between them in this section. Bringing out a link is the whole point, of writing a comparative paper. 

2. Body Paragraphs- A body section in a comparative paper consists of information that is categorized into the following:

• Main Idea- Under the body segment you need to talk about your main idea and explain it extensively. Include all the necessary information that you want the reader to know.
• Variable 1 with examples- Here, you need to examine your variable meticulously. You must include examples to establish a clear understanding. You have to mention both the sides of variable 1 so that the reader knows what you are talking about.
• Variable 2 with examples- Analyze your second variable as a part of your comparative study. Explain this variable with the help of examples. Do not miss out on the information that defines this variable.
• Establish a link between the two variables- After talking about the variables individually, now you need to find a link between them. In order to do so, you need to analyze both the variables. The listing out of similarities and difference would come in handy, at this point in time. Try to find a common link, between your chosen variables.
• Concluding sentences- Mention sentences that would sum up your points in the body. There should be smooth transitions between the body paragraph and the concluding statement. 

​3. Conclusion
This is the last phase of writing a comparative paper. It includes the following:

• Summarize your main points- In the conclusion paragraph; you have to sum up your paper by providing a brief summary of your key points. Refrain from repeating the content; rather mention the points in a nutshell.
• Restate your thesis statement- You need to rephrase your thesis statement and write it in the conclusion part. Make sure that the essence of the statement does not change with words.
• Bring in your opinion- As you write your conclusion also include, your opinion and observation. This will give a new angle to the reader to look at the variables.

Follow the steps to complete the task successfully. The key to writing this successfully is to plan well and then write.